Coinbase’s emergence as the Ethereum network's largest node operator raises concerns about network centralization

This type of network consolidation brings with it increased risk of censorship and reduced network resilience

Coinbase's emergence as the Ethereum network's largest node operator has raised concerns about network centralization that could worsen as institutional adoption accelerates, industry executives told Cointelegraph.

On March 19, Coinbase published a report disclosing that the US cryptocurrency exchange controlled more than 11% of staked Ether (ETH), more than any other Ethereum node operator.

According to Karan Sirdesai, CEO of Web3 startup Mira Network, Coinbase's growing dominance highlights "a systemic issue in Ethereum's staking architecture."

“We're creating a system where a handful of major players control an outsized portion of network security, undermining the core promise of decentralization,” Sirdesai told Cointelegraph.

According to the report, Coinbase controlled 3.84 million ETH staked to 120,000 validators, representing 11.42% of staked Ether as of March 4.

Liquid staking protocol Lido controls a larger share of staked Ether overall — approximately 9.4 million ETH, according to Lido's website.

However, Lido's staked Ether is distributed across dozens of independent node operators, Anthony Sassano, host of The Daily Gwei, said in a March 19 post on the X platform.

To limit risks, Coinbase spreads staking operations across five countries and employs multiple cloud providers, Ethereum clients, and relays, according to its report. "Diversification at the network level and the overall health of the network is always a priority for us. That’s why we periodically check network distribution," the exchange said.

Coinbase is the largest Ethereum node operator. Source: Coinbase

Related: Ether ETFs poised to surge in 2025, analysts say

Impending centralization risks

Ethereum's network concentration could worsen if US exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are permitted to begin staking — a priority for asset managers such as BlackRock.

Coinbase is the largest custodian for US crypto ETFs and holds ETH on behalf of eight of the nine US spot Ether funds, the exchange said in January.

"This type of network consolidation brings with it increased risk of censorship and reduced network resilience," Temujin Louie, CEO of Wanchain, a blockchain interoperability protocol, told Cointelegraph.

For instance, high staking concentrations "represent potential points of regulatory pressure... [and] these large staking entities will likely prioritize regulatory adherence over network censorship resistance when faced with difficult choices," Sirdesai said.

Meanwhile, new US regulatory guidance allowing banks to act as validators for blockchain networks adds to centralization risks, several crypto executives said.

"If too much stake consolidates under regulated entities like Coinbase and US banks, Ethereum will become more like traditional financial systems," Louie said.

Conversely, more institutional validators could actually improve staking concentrations. Cryptocurrency exchange Robinhood is especially well positioned to check Coinbase's staking dominance, according to Sirdesai.

Robinhood already has "the crypto infrastructure, user base, and technical capabilities to move into staking rapidly. They could realistically challenge Coinbase's position faster than any traditional bank," Sirdesai said.