The Fantom Foundation was founded by South Korean computer scientist Dr. Ahn Byung Ik. Currently, the platform’s CEO is Michael Kong. The team behind Fantom has extensive experience primarily in the field of full-stack blockchain development, and aimed to create a smart contract platform which privileges scalability, decentralization and security. According to its official website, Fantom’s team also consists of specialist engineers, scientists, researchers, designers and entrepreneurs. Employees are located throughout the world, matching the ethos of a distributed platform.

Fantom is a directed acyclic graph ([DAG](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/directed-acyclic-graph-dag)) smart contract platform providing decentralized finance ([DeFi](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-decentralized-finance)) services to developers using its own bespoke consensus algorithm. Together with its in-house token FTM, Fantom aims to solve problems associated with smart-contract platforms, specifically transaction speed, which developers say they have reduced to under two seconds. The Fantom Foundation, which oversees the Fantom product offering, was originally created in 2018, with the launch of OPERA, Fantom’s mainnet, coming in December 2019. Fantom is an open-source decentralized smart contract platform for [DApps](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-applications-dapps) and digital assets that was created as an alternative to [Ethereum](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/ethereum/). Fantom has the goal of overcoming the limitations of previous generation blockchains and balancing three components: scalability, security and decentralization. The project offers a set of tools to simplify the process of integrating existing DApps, as well as a detailed staking reward system and built-in [DeFi](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-decentralized-finance) instruments. Fantom is a Layer-1 blockchain that uses a scratch-built consensus mechanism and independent consensus layer, Lachesis, to facilitate DeFi and related services on the basis of smart contracts. Lachesis provides security for other layers as well, including Opera, Fantom's EVM-compatible [smart contract](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/smart-contract) chain. The long-playing mission of the project is to “grant compatibility between all transaction bodies around the world.” One of Fantom's key strengths is its performance and efficient transaction processing, namely thousands of transactions per second, where transactions are settled in 1-2 seconds, and the cost is fractions of a cent per transaction. As a result, Fantom provides higher scalability but at a lower cost. The ecosystem is based on two main technologies: Lachesis protocol and Opera. The Lachesis protocol is the core consensus layer that secures the Fantom network by providing both transaction speed and security. Lachesis is an aBFT consensus engine that uses a directed acyclic graph (DAG) algorithm. How it works: network data can be processed at different times, and the network filters the participants, allowing only one third, which are allocated due to erroneous or malicious behavior, without compromising network processes. Fantom's Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (aBFT) Proof-of-Stake ([PoS](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake)) consensus mechanism maintains the efficiency of the entire network, its design provides security at maximum speed. Fantom developers emphasize that the PoS mechanism is a leaderless phenomenon — there are no leaders of blocks and participants, and anyone can join (or leave) the network of nodes at a convenient moment. The key qualities of Lachesis are: asynchronous, leaderless, Byzantine fault-tolerant, and near-instant finality. As for Opera, it's an application development layer or Fantom's mainnet deployment platform, permissionless and open-source hosting DApps. Thanks to EVM integration and support for the Solidity programming language, Fantom has a full set of smart contract capabilities, which allows users to seamlessly interact with Ethereum platforms while maintaining the advantage of Fantom's transaction efficiency. The Fantom Foundation concluded that removing block leaders improves network security, so Opera uses a PoS model and leaderless validators (validators do not determine which blocks are valid). In addition to being a fast, secure and cheap payment platform that enables to make fast and secure payments at minimal cost, Fantom also features on-chain governance where users vote with FTM tokens (one token equals one vote). Of the features: users have the right to express the degree of agreement / disagreement on a scale from 0 to 4. FTM is the native utility in-house PoS token of Fantom that powers the [ecosystem](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-fantom-a-guide-to-fantom-s-ecosystem) and is applied for payments, network fees, staking, and governance. FTM forms the backbone of transactions, and allows fee collection and staking activities, along with the user rewards the latter represents.

If you want to buy, sell or trade Fetch.ai (FET), you can do so on the following exchanges: * [Binance](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/binance/) * [BiKi](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/biki/) * [BiONE](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/bione/) * [BitAsset](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/bitasset/) * [HitBTC](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/hitbtc/) If you are unfamiliar with how purchasing cryptocurrency works, you can learn how to buy Bitcoin in our guide [here](https://coinmarketcap.com/how-to-buy-bitcoin/).

Through the use of blockchain technology, the network is completely decentralized. Further security is provided by differential privacy which helps avoid exposing users’ private data sets when generating updates. Fetch.ai’s blockchain also supports a combination of multi-party cryptography and game theory, providing secure and censorship-resistant consensus.

Fetch.ai (FET) has a circulating supply of 746,113,681 tokens as of February 2021, with a maximum supply of 1,152,997,575 FET.

Fetch.ai’s utility token FET was designed to find, create, deploy and train digital twins and is an essential part of smart contracts and oracles on the platform. Through the usage of FET, users can build and deploy their own digital twins on the network. Developers, by paying with FET tokens, can access machine-learning-based utilities to train autonomous digital twin and deploy collective intelligence on the network. Validation nodes are also enabled by staking FET tokens, which facilitates network validation and reputation as a result. The Fetch.ai technology stack has four distinct elements, which are: The Digital Twin Framework — provides modular components that help teams build marketplaces, skills, and intelligence for digital twins to connect with. The Open Economic Framework — provides search and discovery functions to digital twins. The Digital Twin Metropolis — a collection of smart contracts that run on a WebAssembly (WASM) virtual machine to maintain an immutable record of agreements between digital twins. The Fetch.ai Blockchain — combines multi-party cryptography and game theory in order to provide secure, censorship-resistant consensus as well as rapid chain-syncing to support digital twin applications. When it comes to the platform’s core components, there is the learner where each participant is the learner in the experiment, representing a unique private dataset and machine learning system. There is also the global market, which is the result of a collective learning experiment, where the machine learning model is trained collectively by the learners themselves. Next, there is the Fetch.ai Blockchain that supports smart contracts which permit coordination and governance in a secure and auditable way. Lastly, there is the decentralized data layer based on IPFS which enables the sharing of machine learning weights between all of the learners involved.

Fetch.ai was founded by Toby Simpson, Humayun Sheikh and Thomas Hain. Humayun Sheikh is the current CEO of Fetch.ai. He is also the CEO and founder of Mettalex and the founder of uVue and itzMe. Toby Simpson is the former COO of Fetch.ai, now a member of the Advisory Board. He was also the CTO at Ososim Limited, as well as Head of Software Design at DeepMind. Thomas Hain is the former Chief Science Officer of Fetch.ai. Before that, he was a co-founder and director of Koemei.

Founded in 2017 and launched via IEO on Binance in March 2019, Fetch.AI is an artificial intelligence (AI) lab building an open, permissionless, decentralized machine learning network with a crypto economy. Fetch.ai democratizes access to AI technology with a permissionless network upon which anyone can connect and access secure datasets by using autonomous AI to execute tasks that leverage its global network of data. The Fetch.AI model is rooted in use cases like optimizing DeFi trading services, transportation networks (parking, micromobility), smart energy grids, travel — essentially any complex digital system that relies on large-scale datasets.

AR can be purchased on cryptocurrency exchanges such as [MXC.COM](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/mxc/), [Bilaxy](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/bilaxy/), [Huobi Global](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/huobi-global/), and [Hoo](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/hoo/), among others. It can be traded against the stablecoin Tether ([USDT](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/tether/)) as well as [Bitcoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bitcoin) (BTC) and [Ether](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/ethereum) (ETH). Are you interested in buying AR or other cryptocurrencies such as [Bitcoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bitcoin)? CoinMarketCap has a simple, [step-by-step guide](https://coinmarketcap.com/how-to-buy-bitcoin/) to teach you all about crypto and how to buy your first coins.

The Arweave network is built on a modified version of blockchain technology it calls "blockweave," which uses a "proof-of-access" [consensus](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/consensus) algorithm — a modified version of [proof-of-work](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake). With PoA, each new block is not only linked to the one immediately prior to it but to a random previous block as well, and both blocks are hashed to generate the new one. Miners are not required to store an entire blockchain, but they are incentivized to store more information to prove they can access the old blocks that are required to mine a new one. The mining protocol used by Arweave, RandomX, was successfully [audited](https://ostif.org/four-audits-of-randomx-for-monero-and-arweave-have-been-completed-results/) by four cybersecurity firms — Trail of Bits, Kudelski Security, X41 D-Sec and QuarksLab — in August 2019. The project plans to utilize a new mining algorithm starting in early 2021 known as SPoRA, which it [said](https://twitter.com/ArweaveTeam/status/1338600305643167745) in December 2020 had been audited by NCC Group.

According to its yellow paper, Arweave has a maximum token supply of 66 million AR. 55 million AR was minted when the blockweave's genesis block was created in June 2018, and an additional 11 million will be gradually introduced as block rewards. Arweave held a token pre-sale event in August 2017 in which 10.8% of the initially generated token supply was sold, and two public sales were [completed](https://arweave.medium.com/announcing-the-arweave-community-token-sale-part-two-28f2b37c73d6) in May 2018 and June 2018 in which 7.1% and 1.1% of the supply was sold, respectively. The company [allocated](https://icoanalytics.medium.com/%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80-ico-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0-arweave-5f4a1a42d333) an additional 19.5% for a private sale, 2.9% for project advisors, 13% for the team (subject to a five-year lock-up with 20% released per year), 19.1% for ecosystem development, and 26.5% for future project use (subject to a five-year lock-up with 20% released per year).

According to its yellow paper, Arweave [seeks](https://www.arweave.org/yellow-paper.pdf) to ensure the "collective ability to store and share information between individuals and across time to new generations." In order to accomplish this goal, its flagship permaweb is built on top of Arweave's "blockweave," a variation of blockchain technology in which each block is linked to both the one immediately prior and also a random earlier one. Arweave says this incentivizes miners to store more data because they need to be able to access random previous blocks to add new ones and receive rewards. Arweave is focused on building a sustainable ecosystem around the network. In June 2020, it [unveiled](https://arweave.medium.com/profit-sharing-tokens-a-new-incentivization-mechanism-for-an-open-web-1f2532411d6e) "profit sharing tokens," which allow developers to receive dividends when network transaction fees are generated from their application, and it [hosts](https://arweave.medium.com/launching-the-first-open-web-incubator-100-000-available-for-investment-in-profit-sharing-tokens-644a5a22ee25) incubators to support the building of permaweb-based apps. The project also works with startups through its "Boost" program, [offering](https://arweave.medium.com/announcing-arweave-boost-support-to-help-your-startup-thrive-b4750410e885) free storage and access to the Arweave team and industry investors. In March 2020, Arweave [announced](https://arweave.medium.com/arweave-announces-new-funding-from-andreessen-horowitz-usv-and-coinbase-ventures-30a1fde3d8c5) that it had received $8.3 million in funding from Andreessen Horowitz, Union Square Ventures and Coinbase Ventures. This followed an earlier November 2019 [investment](https://arweave.medium.com/welcoming-a16z-crypto-union-square-ventures-and-multicoin-capital-to-the-arweave-community-56ccc9f98ff3) also from Andreessen Horowitz and Union Square Ventures, as well as Multicoin Capital.

Arweave was founded by Sam Williams and William Jones, two Ph.D. candidates at the University of Kent. Williams came to the project with experience in decentralized and distributed systems, having developed an operating system called HydrOS as a part of his studies, while Jones' focus was on graph theory and neural networking. While Williams dropped out of graduate school to focus on the company, Jones left the project early on in mid-2018 and completed his Ph.D. According to Williams, he came up with the idea while [walking](https://cryptosrus.com/interview-with-ceo-sam-williams-and-cto-will-jones-of-archain/) up a mountain in Scotland, later bringing the concept to Jones, with whom he developed the technical details. After launching Arweave, Williams was later named an advisor to Minespider, a company providing [blockchain](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain)-based supply chain tracking for the raw materials industry, and he has served as a mentor for the Techstars accelerator program. Although Arweave was founded with centralized leadership, it [launched](https://arweave.medium.com/the-arca-dao-is-launched-71d59fd79f7) a [decentralized autonomous organization](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-autonomous-organizations-dao) in January 2020 comprised of core community members to further the development and expansion of the network and its ecosystem.

Arweave is a decentralized [storage](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/storage-decentralized) network that seeks to offer a platform for the indefinite storage of data. [Describing](https://www.arweave.org/#arweave-intro) itself as "a collectively owned hard drive that never forgets," the network primarily hosts "the permaweb" — a permanent, decentralized web with a number of community-driven applications and platforms. To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of [Arweave](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/profit-sharing-communities-a-deep-dive-by-arweave). The Arweave network uses a native [cryptocurrency](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-cryptocurrencies), AR, to pay "miners" to indefinitely store the network's information. The project was first [announced](https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2066098) as Archain in August 2017, later [rebranding](https://arweave.medium.com/archain-now-known-as-arweave-432f0708eed0) to Arweave in February 2018 and officially [launching](https://arweave.medium.com/arweave-network-launch-report-b7e7ffac0f75) in June 2018.

Sui Mainnet will launch on May 3, 2023.

At launch, Tusk and Narwhal were the default consensus algorithms used by Sui, although Bullshark replaced Tusk as the primary option in August 2022. The move was made to reduce latency issues, and to ensure that validators with lower processing speeds would still be able to contribute to the project. Tusk can still be used via updating the source, however. In short, Narwhal is used as a mempool to ensure that the data submitted to the consensus is available, and Bullshark (or Tusk) then sets the standard for arranging that data so the consensus engine can read it. This is part of the directed acyclic graph (DAG) mempool, which is yet another innovation Sui offers. Coupled with its innovative scaling solution, it will presumably allow the blockchain to reach transaction speeds of over 297,000 [transactions per second](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/transactions-per-second).

Sui is yet to release details about its native SUI token, which is to go live upon the [mainnet](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/mainnet)launch. It will be used for [gas](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/gas) fees and to pay for the storage fund. This fund compensates future validators for the costs of previously stored on-chain data. With this upfront-payment model, higher rewards are paid out to validators when the demand for storage is high.

Through features such as horizontal scaling, composability, sparse replay, and on-chain storage, Sui’s architecture solves pain points common to first generation blockchains. Horizontal Scaling On the Sui network, each group of transactions process in parallel, as opposed to the bottlenecking that occurs in some earlier blockchains due to any lack of distinction between the various objects, resources, accounts, and other components. Composability In Sui, unlike most other blockchains, one can directly pass an asset (such as an NFT), directly into a function argument. Sui’s object-centric approach also allows for more esoteric data structures, and the ability to store assets inside such data structures, or in an asset itself. Sparse Replay Naturally, a blockchain provides a ledger of every single transaction. For a Sui-specific example, game builders don’t need to track transactions interacting with unrelated dApps. Because querying on-chain data can be expensive, products on Sui will be able to follow the evolution of the objects in this game, without digging out the data from the Merkle tree. On-Chain Storage Because assets are directly stored as objects on the Sui blockchain, they are never subject to Merkle tree indexing. Storing assets directly on-chain is used in tandem with conventional means, such as IPFS, to scale the problem of on-chain storage, as it is much cheaper to directly update assets on-chain.

Mysten Labs, the original contributor to Sui, was founded by by former executives/lead architects of Meta’s Novi Research (the team responsible for Diem blockchain and Move programming language): Evan Cheng; Adeniyi Abiodun; Sam Blackshear; George Danezis; Kostas Chalkias.

Sui is a first-of-its-kind Layer 1 blockchain and smart contract platform designed from the bottom up to make digital asset ownership fast, private, secure, and accessible to everyone. Its object-centric model, based on the Move programming language, enables parallel execution, sub-second finality, and rich on-chain assets. With horizontally scalable processing and storage, Sui supports a wide range of applications with unrivaled speed at low cost. Sui is a step-function advancement in blockchain and a platform on which creators and developers can build amazing, user-friendly experiences.

FDUSD is a 1:1 USD-backed Stablecoin. FDUSD provides users with a stable digital currency that is backed by fiat currency, which can help reduce the volatility in the cryptocurrency market. This makes it more appealing to investors and merchants, who are wary of the volatility associated with traditional cryptocurrency price fluctuations. FDUSD can improve the efficiency of financial transactions by reducing transaction costs and improving the speed and accuracy of these transactions in a secure manner. FDUSD can also facilitate cross-border transactions and reduce the fees and processing times associated with traditional methods. The stability of a fiat-backed stablecoin is preserved through the maintenance of a 1:1 peg with the corresponding fiat currency. This is achieved by meticulously ensuring that the value of the reserve assets held matches or exceeds the total quantity of outstanding stablecoins. In essence, the reserves serve as a guarantee for the issuer's commitment to redeem the stablecoin at its nominal value. It is important to note that FDUSD operates under rigorous custodial arrangements. Furthermore, the FDUSD can be programmed, allowing financial contracts, escrow, and insurance without intermediaries.

Celestia (TIA) is the first modular blockchain network that enables anyone to easily deploy their own blockchain with minimal overhead. Celestia scales by rethinking blockchain architecture from the ground up. It is a minimal blockchain that decouples execution from consensus by introducing a new primitive, data availability sampling. Since Celestia does not impose any execution or settlement constraints, developers are free to define their own execution and settlement environments. This unlocks new, unrealized possibilities for builders and developers. Celestia is a departure from the status quo of monolithic blockchains. Monolithic blockchains face scaling difficulties because they perform all core functions of a blockchain such as processing transactions, ensuring that transactions are correct, and getting network nodes to agree on both the validity and ordering of transactions. Modular blockchains introduced the notion of decoupling consensus from the execution of transactions, thus achieving greater scalability without loss of security or decentralisation. A modular approach to blockchains opens up a world of new possibilities. Experimentation becomes much easier as new application specific or general purpose blockchains can deploy to Celestia and immediately inherit security from Celestia’s validator set. Modular blockchains enable control over the rules of an application through sovereignty because developers can make alterations to the tech stack without permission from outside applications. Visit Celestia docs to get started building: https://celestia.org/developer-portal/

Lido DAO (LDO) is available for purchase on major cryptocurrency exchanges including [Binance](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/binance/), [Coinbase](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/coinbase-exchange/), [KuCoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/kucoin/), [Kraken](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/kraken/) and more.

Funds are secured within a smart contract, making them inaccessible to validators. Subsequently, LDO token holders vote in the Lido DAO to vet, select and onboard new node operators, and penalize existing ones slashed by chain rules. Lido also has a $2,000,000 bug bounty program with the Immunefi platform, a leading DeFi bug bounty program. Lido Bug Bounty programs focus on avoiding user fund losses, denial of service, governance takeovers, data breaches and data leaks. Lido has already awarded $250,000 for 7 Bug Bounties.

As of June 2023, the total circulating supply of Lido DAO tokens is 879,588,042 LDO, around 88% of the total supply. The max supply is 1,000,000,000 LDO. Looking at the tokenomics of LDO, the allocation of these tokens is as follows: DAO treasury — 36.32% Investors — 22.18% Validators and signature holders — 6.5% Initial Lido developers — 20% Founders and future employees — 15%

Lido aims to make staking more accessible to a wider range of users by [pooling](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/staking-pool) staked ETH from multiple users, which negates the need for any technical expertise on behalf of users. Users also don’t need to commit a minimum amount of 32 ETH to run their own validator, which lets more people stake their ETH. Lido Liquid Staking V2, or Lido V2, is the latest major release of the Lido DAO protocol. It was designed to provide a more efficient and versatile staking solution for Ethereum 2.0. One of Lido V2’s key features is its "Liquid Staking" model, which allows users to deposit ETH into the Lido pool and receive stETH (staked ETH) tokens in return. These tokens can be traded on secondary markets or used on “[LSDFi](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-lsdfi-overview-of-lsdfi-protocols)” protocols, providing users with a more liquid form of staked ETH that can be used for other purposes. Overall, the Lido DAO network is a robust and secure system that enables users to participate in governance and earn rewards while helping the network to stay secure.

Lido was established by Konstantin Lomashuk, Vasiliy Shapovalov and Jordan Fish in 2020. The organization was helped to launch by a collective of financial firms and angel investors. The finance firms include Semantic VC, ParaFi Capital, Libertus Capital, Bitscale Capital, StakeFish, StakingFacilities, Chorus, P2P Capital and KR1. The handful of angel investors who also helped Lido get off the ground include Stani Kulechov of Aave, Banteg of Yearn, Will Harborne of Deversifi, Julien Bouteloup of Stake Capital and Kain Warwick of Synthetix.

Lido DAO is a [decentralized autonomous organization](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-autonomous-organizations-dao) ([DAO](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-autonomous-organizations-dao)) which provides [staking](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/staking) infrastructure for multiple [blockchain](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain) networks. Most notably, the platform provides a liquid staking solution for Ethereum, allowing users to stake their ETH and receive [stETH](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/steth/) (Lido staked ETH) tokens in exchange, which represent the user's staked ETH and staking rewards. Lido DAO is secured by a mix of decentralized governance, audited code and smart contracts. The Lido protocol runs on Ethereum with help from smart contracts that process user deposits and distribute staking rewards, among other functions. Several third-party security firms have [audited](https://github.com/lidofinance/audits) Lido’s smart contracts in order to identify and address potential vulnerabilities. The platform’s native token is LDO - which also serves as the governance token for Lido DAO. Holders can participate in governance proposals and vote on key decisions such as board adjustments, new integrations and platform updates. LDO holders have the right to determine the development and operation of the platform. Lido currently supports staking for Ethereum and Polygon only with the recent sunsetting of Solana.

Because of its nature as a privacy coin, XMR isn’t listed on some major exchanges. For example, although you can [buy XMR on Binance](https://www.binance.com/en/buy-Monero), it isn’t supported by Coinbase. As a result, you may need to convert your fiat into Bitcoin and go through a smaller trading platform. This guide[ helps explain](https://coinmarketcap.com/how-to-buy-bitcoin/) how you can convert fiat currencies into crypto with ease. As it’s use grows there has been increased interest in the [XMR to AUD](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/monero/xmr/aud/) and [XMR to EUR](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/monero/xmr/eur/) price pairs.

One of Monero’s main goals has to prevent centralization — and this network uses a consensus mechanism called CryptoNight, which is [based on](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/how-to-mine-monero) proof-of-work. This prevents large mining farms from becoming a dominant force.