先进计算技术：从纳米加工到神经形态系统

先进的计算技术正在朝着实现高速和低功耗的方向取得巨大进步。该领域的关键进步包括新颖的硅架构，该架构使用分层设计以更低的成本构建更快、更小的芯片。

Advanced computing technologies are making great progress toward achieving high speed and low power consumption.

先进的计算技术正在朝着实现高速和低功耗的方向取得巨大进步。

Key advancements in this field include novel silicon architectures that use layered designs to build faster and smaller chips at a lower cost. Meanwhile, photonic computing utilizes light waves to process and store data. With the speed of light simply unsurpassable, this can offer high speed and low latency.

该领域的关键进步包括新颖的硅架构，该架构使用分层设计以更低的成本构建更快、更小的芯片。同时，光子计算利用光波来处理和存储数据。由于光速无与伦比，因此可以提供高速和低延迟。

Then, there is biological computing, where information is encoded and stored in biological cells, propelled by progress made in nanobiotechnology. Quantum computing also offers significant potential, solving complex problems faster than today's computers by leveraging quantum superposition, entanglement, and interference.

然后是生物计算，在纳米生物技术进步的推动下，信息被编码并存储在生物细胞中。量子计算还具有巨大的潜力，通过利用量子叠加、纠缠和干涉，比当今的计算机更快地解决复杂问题。

Moreover, neuromorphic computing mimics the neural systems of our brains to perform parallel computations; cloud computing moves processing to remote or virtual locations; and edge computing shifts processing from centralized facilities closer to end users.

此外，神经形态计算模仿我们大脑的神经系统来执行并行计算；云计算将处理转移到远程或虚拟位置；边缘计算将处理从集中式设施转移到更靠近最终用户的地方。

All these developments in computing technology, which focus on tools and systems for processing, storing, and communicating data, have led to unprecedented advancements in fields including artificial intelligence (AI) and data analytics.

计算技术的所有这些发展都集中在处理、存储和通信数据的工具和系统上，导致人工智能（AI）和数据分析等领域取得了前所未有的进步。

Ongoing research in the field has led to continued and rapid innovation in computing techniques, with scientists now going even deeper to achieve better, faster, and more efficient results.

该领域持续不断的研究导致了计算技术的持续快速创新，科学家们现在更加深入地研究以获得更好、更快、更高效的结果。

Breakthrough in Laser Nanoscale Fabrication in Silicon

硅激光纳米级制造的突破

Researchers from Bilkent University, Turkey, recently achieved a significant breakthrough by developing a technique for fabricating nanostructures deep inside silicon wafers. 

土耳其比尔肯特大学的研究人员最近通过开发一种在硅晶片内部深处制造纳米结构的技术取得了重大突破。

The new method enables nanofabrication within silicon through spatial light modulation and laser pulses, creating advanced nanostructures that will benefit electronics and photonics.

新方法通过空间光调制和激光脉冲实现硅内的纳米制造，创造出有利于电子和光子学的先进纳米结构。

The study focused on silicon, the foundation of electronics, photonics, and photovoltaics. As a semiconductor, Silicon's electrical conductivity lies between that of an insulator and a pure conductor. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust, possessing both metallic and non-metallic properties. Additionally, Silicon's excellent electrical properties, including its relatively small energy gap, make it an important material in the semiconductor industry.

该研究的重点是硅，它是电子、光子学和光伏发电的基础。作为半导体，硅的电导率介于绝缘体和纯导体之间。它是地壳中第二丰富的元素，具有金属和非金属特性。此外，硅具有优异的电性能，包括其相对较小的能隙，使其成为半导体行业的重要材料。

However, silicone has been limited to surface-level nanofabrication due to the difficulties posed by existing lithographic techniques. Current methods are either unable to penetrate the surface of the wafer without causing any changes or are restricted by the resolution of laser lithography. Additionally, existing techniques do not allow for high-precision modulation deep within the wafer. 

然而，由于现有光刻技术带来的困难，硅树脂仅限于表面级纳米加工。目前的方法要么无法穿透晶圆表面而不引起任何变化，要么受到激光光刻分辨率的限制。此外，现有技术不允许在晶圆深处进行高精度调制。

If devices could be directly fabricated inside the bulk of this metal without altering the wafer's top or bottom surface, it would set a new standard.

如果可以在不改变晶圆顶部或底部表面的情况下直接在这种金属内部制造器件，那么它将树立一个新标准。

Of course, that means getting past all these challenges of a greater-than-1-micron fabrication resolution limit while simultaneously achieving multi-dimensional nanoscale control inside the wafer. Doing so, however, would be a magic advance, enabling 3D nanophotonics novel functionalities and leading to metasurfaces inside Si. 

当然，这意味着要克服大于 1 微米制造分辨率极限的所有挑战，同时实现晶圆内部的多维纳米级控制。然而，这样做将是一个神奇的进步，使 3D 纳米光子学具有新颖的功能，并在硅内部形成超表面。

The latest research went on to exploit spatially modulated laser beams and anisotropic feedback from preformed subsurface structures to achieve this. This allowed the team to establish controlled nanofabrication capability inside Si by manipulating matter at the nanoscale. 

最新的研究继续利用空间调制激光束和预制地下结构的各向异性反馈来实现这一目标。这使得该团队能够通过在纳米尺度上操纵物质来在硅内部建立受控的纳米制造能力。

To elaborate, the Bilkent team addressed the challenge of complex optical effects within the wafer and the inherent diffraction limit of the laser light by utilizing the unique laser pulse, which was created by modulating the spatial. The spatially modulated laser pulses correspond to a Bessel function. 

具体来说，Bilkent 团队利用通过调制空间产生的独特激光脉冲，解决了晶圆内复杂光学效应和激光固有衍射极限的挑战。空间调制激光脉冲对应于贝塞尔函数。

The optical scattering effects, which had been obstructing the precise deposition of energy, were then overcome by the special laser beam's non-diffracting nature. This non-diffracting nature is created with advanced holographic projection techniques, which allows for the precise localization of energy. This leads to high enough pressure and temperature values to modify the material at a small volume. 

特殊激光束的非衍射特性克服了阻碍能量精确沉积的光学散射效应。这种非衍射性质是通过先进的全息投影技术创造的，可以实现能量的精确定位。这导致足够高的压力和温度值以小体积改变材料。

According to Onur Tokel, Professor at the Department of Physics:

物理系教授 Onur Tokel 表示：

“Our approach is based on localizing the energy of the laser pulse within a semiconductor material to an extremely small volume, such that one can exploit emergent field enhancement effects analogous to those in plasmonics. This leads to sub-wavelength and multi-dimensional control directly inside the material.”

“我们的方法基于将半导体材料内激光脉冲的能量限制在极小的体积内，这样人们就可以利用类似于等离激元学中的新兴场增强效应。这导致了直接在材料内部的亚波长和多维控制。”

He added:

他补充道：

“We can now fabricate nanophotonic elements buried in silicon, such as nanogratings with high diffraction efficiency and even spectral control.”

“我们现在可以制造埋在硅中的纳米光子元件，例如具有高衍射效率甚至光谱控制的纳米光栅。”

This was followed by an emergent seeding effect, where nano-voids performed on the subsurface created a strong field enhancement in their close surroundings. Once established, the resulting field enhancement sustains itself, which means that the creation of earlier nanostructures helps fabricate the later nanostructures. 

随后出现了一种新兴的播种效应，即地下的纳米空隙在其附近的周围环境中产生了强烈的场增强。一旦建立，产生的场增强就会自我维持，这意味着早期纳米结构的创建有助于制造后来的纳米结构。

Meanwhile, the use of laser polarization provided researchers with additional control over nanostructures' alignment and symmetry at the nanoscale, which allows the accurate development of varied nano-arrays.

同时，激光偏振的使用为研究人员提供了对纳米结构在纳米尺度上的排列和对称性的额外控制，从而可以准确地开发各种纳米阵列。

“By leveraging the anisotropic feedback mechanism found in the laser-material interaction system, we achieved polarization-controlled nanolithography in silicon.”

“通过利用激光-材料相互作用系统中发现的各向异性反馈机制，我们在硅中实现了偏振控制的纳米光刻。”

– The study lead author, Dr. Asgari Sabet 

– 该研究的主要作者 Asgari Sabet 博士

This new fabrication method has achieved feature sizes as small as 100 nm, which is a great improvement over the conventional regimes. 

这种新的制造方法已经实现了小至 100 nm 的特征尺寸，这比传统方法有了很大的改进。

This study could have considerable

这项研究可能具有相当大的