ZK-Rollups 與 Optimistic Rollups：深入探討第 2 層擴充解決方案

ZK-Rollups 和 Optimistic Rollups 是兩種第 2 層擴充解決方案，它們具有不同的優點和缺點。本文深入探討了它們的機制、優點和缺點，以幫助您了解哪種解決方案適合您的專案。

ZK-Rollups are a type of Layer 2 scaling solution that uses zero-knowledge proofs to bundle and validate a large number of transactions off-chain before submitting them to the main chain for final settlement. Here are some key advantages of ZK-Rollups over Optimistic Rollups:

ZK-Rollups 是一種 Layer 2 擴容解決方案，它使用零知識證明在鏈下捆綁和驗證大量交易，然後將其提交到主鏈進行最終結算。以下是 ZK-Rollups 相對於 Optimistic Rollups 的一些主要優勢：

* **Faster Finality:** ZK-Rollups utilize zero-knowledge proofs (such as zk-SNARKs or zk-STARKs) to instantly validate transactions. Once a proof is submitted and verified on the main chain, the transaction is finalized immediately, without requiring a dispute period. This contrasts with Optimistic Rollups, which have a slower finality due to a challenge period during which transactions can be disputed, potentially introducing delays.

* **更快的確定性：** ZK-Rollups 利用零知識證明（例如 zk-SNARK 或 zk-STARK）來立即驗證交易。一旦提交證明並在主鏈上得到驗證，交易立即完成，無需爭議期。這與樂觀匯總形成鮮明對比，樂觀匯總的最終確定速度較慢，因為挑戰期內交易可能有爭議，可能會導致延遲。

* **Higher Throughput:** By aggregating and compressing transaction data before posting it to Layer 1, ZK-Rollups achieve higher throughput. They can process many more transactions per second than Optimistic Rollups due to their efficient use of cryptographic proofs, which significantly reduce the amount of data that needs to be stored and validated on-chain.

* **更高的吞吐量：** 透過在將交易資料發佈到第 1 層之前聚合和壓縮交易數據，ZK-Rollups 實現了更高的吞吐量。由於有效使用加密證明，它們每秒可以比 Optimistic Rollups 處理更多的交易，從而顯著減少需要在鏈上儲存和驗證的資料量。

* **Lower Gas Fees:** ZK-Rollups help reduce gas fees more effectively because they compress transaction data and only submit minimal proof to Layer 1. This results in lower transaction costs compared to Optimistic Rollups, which still require a larger amount of data to be posted to the main chain, increasing the overall gas costs.

* **降低Gas 費用：** ZK-Rollups 有助於更有效地降低Gas 費用，因為它們壓縮交易資料並且僅向第1 層提交最少的證明。而Optimistic Rollups 仍然需要大量的資料發佈到主鏈，增加了整體的gas成本。

* **Improved Security:** ZK-Rollups offer stronger security guarantees because they utilize cryptographic proofs to validate transaction correctness before finalization. The proof submitted to the main chain is mathematically verifiable, meaning the system can ensure transactions are legitimate without needing to rely on dispute mechanisms.

* **提高安全性：** ZK-Rollups 提供更強的安全保證，因為它們在最終確定之前利用加密證明來驗證交易的正確性。提交到主鏈的證明在數學上是可驗證的，這意味著系統可以確保交易合法，而無需依賴爭議機制。

* **Data Availability:** ZK-Rollups have a more efficient approach to data availability because only the proof and necessary transaction data need to be submitted to the Layer 1 blockchain. In Optimistic Rollups, more transaction data is posted to Layer 1, and there’s a reliance on external validators to ensure the availability and correctness of the data during the challenge period.

* **數據可用性：** ZK-Rollups 擁有更有效的數據可用性方法，因為只需將證明和必要的交易數據提交到第 1 層區塊鏈。在樂觀總結中，更多的交易資料被發佈到第 1 層，並且依賴外部驗證器來確保挑戰期間資料的可用性和正確性。

In summary, while Optimistic Rollups are easier to implement and offer lower initial complexity, ZK-Rollups generally outperform them in terms of scalability, transaction speed, cost efficiency, and security. However, ZK-Rollups are more technically demanding and require advanced cryptographic methods, which can make them more complex to develop and deploy.

總而言之，雖然 Optimistic Rollups 更容易實現且初始複雜性較低，但 ZK-Rollups 在可擴展性、交易速度、成本效率和安全性方面通常優於它們。然而，ZK-Rollups 的技術要求更高，需要先進的加密方法，這可能會使它們的開發和部署更加複雜。

As the technology behind ZK-Rollups continues to evolve and cryptographic methods improve, their advantages over Optimistic Rollups are likely to become even more pronounced, making them a key player in the future of blockchain scalability.

隨著 ZK-Rollups 背後的技術不斷發展和加密方法的改進，它們相對於 Optimistic Rollups 的優勢可能會變得更加明顯，使它們成為未來區塊鏈可擴展性的關鍵參與者。