|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
谷歌關於量子計算技術進步的消息引起了人們對其對比特幣影響的大量質疑。雖然谷歌的新 Willow 晶片還需要幾年時間
Google's recent announcement regarding an advancement in quantum computing has sparked concerns within the cryptocurrency community about its potential impact on Bitcoin. While Google's Willow chip is still years, if not decades, away from posing a threat to Bitcoin, it raises a valid question: how will quantum computing affect Bitcoin?
谷歌最近宣佈在量子運算方面取得進展,引發了加密貨幣社群對其對比特幣潛在影響的擔憂。雖然Google的 Willow 晶片距離對比特幣構成威脅還需要數年甚至數十年的時間,但它提出了一個有效的問題:量子運算將如何影響比特幣?
The short answer is that Bitcoin will adapt.
簡而言之,比特幣將會適應。
Quantum computing will not arrive overnight; it will take time. Research is already underway to explore methods of addressing quantum computing in Bitcoin.
量子計算不會一蹴可幾;這需要時間。探索解決比特幣量子計算問題的方法的研究已經在進行中。
Signatures
簽名
It's important to note that security in Bitcoin operates on two levels: within transactions and between transactions. Within transactions, digital signatures safeguard the locking and unlocking of coins, serving as the first line of defense. Bitcoin's digital signature algorithm mandates a signature for any user to spend their Bitcoins. All nodes on the network can verify that the user has this signature, without knowing what that signature is.
值得注意的是,比特幣的安全性在兩個層面上運作:交易內和交易之間。在交易中,數位簽名保護硬幣的鎖定和解鎖,作為第一道防線。比特幣的數位簽名演算法要求任何用戶使用比特幣時都必須簽名。網路上的所有節點都可以驗證使用者是否擁有此簽名,而無需知道該簽名是什麼。
Historically, Bitcoin has utilized ECDSA, but following Taproot (Bitcoin's last major upgrade in 2021), Bitcoin now employs Schnorr signatures, which leverage hash functions and are conceptually simpler and more private than ECDSA.
從歷史上看,比特幣一直使用 ECDSA,但在 Taproot(比特幣 2021 年最後一次重大升級)之後,比特幣現在採用 Schnorr 簽名,它利用哈希函數,在概念上比 ECDSA 更簡單、更私密。
While Schnorr signatures are not quantum resistant, their rollout demonstrated a path forward for updating signatures. Taproot was implemented as a soft fork, essentially a backward-compatible upgrade. Any Bitcoin user can choose to use a pay-to-Taproot (p2tr) address instead of the older public key hash or SegWit addresses.
雖然 Schnorr 簽名不具有量子抗性,但它們的推出展示了更新簽名的前進道路。 Taproot 作為軟分叉實現,本質上是向後相容的升級。任何比特幣用戶都可以選擇使用付費 Taproot (p2tr) 地址,而不是舊的公鑰哈希或 SegWit 地址。
If a quantum computer were to eventually succeed in breaking these Schnorr signatures, I believe the Core developers would adopt a quantum-resistant signature scheme and deploy it as a soft fork within Bitcoin Core.
如果量子電腦最終成功破解這些 Schnorr 簽名,我相信 Core 開發人員將採用抗量子簽名方案並將其部署為 Bitcoin Core 中的軟分叉。
Such quantum-resistant schemes are already feasible. Juan Garay, a cryptographer at Texas A&M and a colleague of mine, is currently exploring the integration of Lamport signatures into Bitcoin. Once this new quantum-resistant signature becomes part of a soft fork, all existing Bitcoin users would simply transfer their bitcoins from their existing address into a new quantum-proof address.
這種抗量子方案已經可行。 Juan Garay 是德州 A&M 的密碼學家,也是我的同事,目前正在探索將 Lamport 簽章整合到比特幣中。一旦這個新的抗量子簽名成為軟分叉的一部分,所有現有的比特幣用戶只需將他們的比特幣從現有地址轉移到新的抗量子地址即可。
The only potential complication in this plan arises with addresses that are no longer active. The largest such address belongs to Satoshi Nakamoto, whose 1 million bitcoins have remained unmoved since they were mined in the early years of Bitcoin.
該計劃中唯一潛在的複雜情況是地址不再活躍。最大的此類地址屬於中本聰(Satoshi Nakamoto),他的 100 萬比特幣自比特幣早期被開採以來一直保持不變。
Bitcoin Core developers would face a choice in how to handle Satoshi's coins. One option would be to disallow them from the blockchain, although this might trigger a hard fork. Hard forks are highly undesirable, but there are perhaps a handful of instances in Bitcoin's history when they would be necessary. This would be one of them, along with the timestamp issue (which I will discuss separately).
比特幣核心開發人員將面臨如何處理中本聰硬幣的選擇。一種選擇是禁止它們進入區塊鏈,儘管這可能會引發硬分叉。硬分叉是非常不可取的,但在比特幣的歷史上可能有少數幾次硬分叉是必要的。這將是其中之一,還有時間戳問題(我將單獨討論)。
Hash Functions
哈希函數
Another possibility for a quantum computer would be to break SHA-256, the hash algorithm used extensively in Bitcoin. Not only is this used within some Bitcoin addresses, like pay-to-public-key hash (p2pkh), and even within Schnorr signatures, but it also forms the foundation of the blockchain's security.
量子電腦的另一種可能性是破解 SHA-256,這是比特幣中廣泛使用的哈希演算法。這不僅用在一些比特幣地址中,例如支付公鑰哈希 (p2pkh),甚至用在 Schnorr 簽名中,而且它還構成了區塊鏈安全的基礎。
Breaking SHA-256 would entail finding hash collisions, and in the best case, making the hash function invertible. The quantum computer could then perform a 51% attack on the blockchain, which, in the best case, would allow the double-spending of coins. However, to obtain access to those funds within the Bitcoin addresses, the quantum computer would still need to break the signature algorithm.
破壞 SHA-256 需要發現雜湊衝突,並且在最好的情況下,使雜湊函數可逆。然後,量子電腦可以對區塊鏈執行 51% 攻擊,在最好的情況下,這將允許硬幣的雙花。然而,為了獲取比特幣地址中的這些資金,量子電腦仍然需要破解簽名演算法。
Bitcoin Core developers could then integrate this quantum-resistant hash function in place of SHA-256 throughout Bitcoin Core. Subsequently, all new blocks would be mined using this quantum-resistant hash function.
然後,比特幣核心開發人員可以在整個比特幣核心中整合這種抗量子哈希函數來取代 SHA-256。隨後,所有新區塊都將使用這種抗量子哈希函數來開採。
If a quantum computer could indeed break SHA-256, the highest and best use of this technology would be to mine bitcoin, not to perform a double-spend attack. A double-spend attack would be easily detectable and would ultimately diminish the value of the bitcoins that were double-spent. Instead, a quantum miner would simply use this new quantum computer to mine all remaining bitcoin, which it would be able to do if it could tailor the transactions and blocks in a way that would generate a sufficiently small number to win the mining lottery every 10 minutes. This would be possible if the quantum computer could invert the SHA-256 hash operation.
如果量子電腦確實可以破解 SHA-256,那麼該技術的最高和最佳用途將是開採比特幣,而不是執行雙花攻擊。雙花攻擊很容易被發現,最終會降低雙花比特幣的價值。相反,量子礦工只需使用這台新的量子電腦來開採所有剩餘的比特幣,如果它能夠以每10 次生成足夠小的數量來贏得採礦彩票的方式定制交易和區塊,那麼它就能夠做到這一點分鐘。如果量子計算機可以反轉 SHA-256 雜湊運算,這將是可能的。
In this scenario, mining would cease to be a globally competitive industry and would instead become an oligopoly, limited to those entities with access to the quantum computer. Assuming that more than one entity had access to this computer, bitcoin mining could continue as an industry, even if it were a duopoly between, say, Nvidia and Google.
在這種情況下,採礦業將不再是一個具有全球競爭力的產業,而是成為寡占產業,僅限於那些能夠使用量子電腦的實體。假設不只一個實體可以存取這台計算機,比特幣挖礦就可以繼續作為一個行業,即使它是英偉達和谷歌之間的雙頭壟斷。
To avert this scenario, the simplest solution would be to install a quantum-resistant hash function in place of SHA-256. This is not out of the question, since Schnorr signatures themselves utilize hash functions. Therefore, a quantum-resistant signature scheme would need to be immune to hash functions.
為了避免這種情況,最簡單的解決方案是安裝抗量子雜湊函數來取代 SHA-256。這並不是不可能的,因為 Schnorr 簽章本身使用雜湊函數。因此,抗量子簽章方案需要不受雜湊函數的影響。
This problem is still a long way off, and with more and more economic value being tied to bitcoin, the
這個問題還有很長的路要走,隨著越來越多的經濟價值與比特幣連結在一起,
免責聲明:info@kdj.com
The information provided is not trading advice. kdj.com does not assume any responsibility for any investments made based on the information provided in this article. Cryptocurrencies are highly volatile and it is highly recommended that you invest with caution after thorough research!
If you believe that the content used on this website infringes your copyright, please contact us immediately (info@kdj.com) and we will delete it promptly.
-
- 川普赦免絲路創始人羅斯·烏布利希
- 2025-01-22 12:45:41
- 美國總統川普赦免了被監禁的暗網黑市絲綢之路創始人羅斯烏布利希。
-
- 7 項爆炸性 100 倍加密貨幣投資將引領下一波指數成長
- 2025-01-22 12:45:41
- 2025 年,加密貨幣市場比以往任何時候都更加令人興奮,DeFi、可擴展性和資產代幣化等方面的創新項目不斷湧現。
-
- FXGuys:山寨幣徹底改變了財富建設
- 2025-01-22 12:45:41
- 加密貨幣市場對主導地位的轉變並不陌生,而 HyperLiquid 的統治可能即將結束。取而代之的是 FXGuys