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比特幣並不是數位貨幣的第一次嘗試。在其首次亮相的幾年前,出現了一些系統,所有這些系統都在努力創造新的、去中心化的轉帳方式。
Before bitcoin stole the show, several digital currencies attempted to revolutionize the way we exchange value, but none could stand the test of time. Ecash, E-gold, Liberty Reserve, and Q coins each had their moment, only to fall short in the end. This article explores their stories and reveals how bitcoin, introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008, managed to outlive these early digital money experiments.
在比特幣大出風頭之前,有幾種數位貨幣試圖徹底改變我們交換價值的方式,但沒有一種能經得起時間的考驗。 Ecash、E-gold、Liberty Reserve 和 Q 幣都曾有過輝煌,但最終都功虧一簣。本文探討了他們的故事,並揭示了中本聰 (Satoshi Nakamoto) 於 2008 年推出的比特幣如何成功地超越了這些早期的數位貨幣實驗。
Bitcoin wasn’t the first attempt at a digital currency. Years before its debut, a handful of systems emerged, each striving to create new, decentralized methods of transferring money. Ecash, E-gold, Liberty Reserve, and Q coins were among the early innovators. Though each system had its own strengths and unique ideas, they couldn’t avoid the pitfalls of legal trouble, centralization, or lack of trust. On the other hand, bitcoin (BTC) was able to navigate these hurdles, establishing itself as a superior form of digital currency.
比特幣並不是數位貨幣的第一次嘗試。在其首次亮相的幾年前,出現了一些系統,每個系統都致力於創造新的、去中心化的轉帳方法。 Ecash、E-gold、Liberty Reserve 和 Q 幣都是早期的創新者。儘管每個系統都有自己的優勢和獨特的想法,但它們都無法避免法律麻煩、中心化或缺乏信任的陷阱。另一方面,比特幣(BTC)能夠克服這些障礙,成為一種優越的數位貨幣形式。
Ecash (1990)
電子現金 (1990)
Ecash kicked off the digital currency era in 1990, created by cryptographer David Chaum through his company, Digicash. Based on the novel concept of “blinded” cryptography, it allowed users to make anonymous transactions. Ecash’s goal was simple: let people transfer funds without revealing their identity, offering a private way to pay online.
Ecash 於 1990 年由密碼學家 David Chaum 透過他的公司 Digicash 創建,開啟了數位貨幣時代。基於“盲”密碼學的新穎概念,它允許用戶進行匿名交易。 Ecash 的目標很簡單:讓人們在不透露身分的情況下轉移資金,提供一種私密的線上支付方式。
However, Ecash had one major weakness—it was centralized. Users had to rely entirely on Digicash to manage the currency, which left the system vulnerable. Without widespread adoption and running low on funds, Digicash filed for bankruptcy in 1998, and Ecash quietly disappeared.
然而,Ecash 有一個主要弱點——它是中心化的。使用者必須完全依賴 Digicash 來管理貨幣,這使得系統容易受到攻擊。由於未能廣泛採用且資金不足,Digicash 於 1998 年申請破產,Ecash 悄悄消失。
E-gold (1996)
電子黃金 (1996)
Launched in 1996 by Douglas Jackson and Barry Downey, E-gold took a different approach by backing its digital currency with physical gold. It allowed users to transfer gold electronically, with the platform acting as a custodian for the assets. Fans of E-gold appreciated its ability to facilitate international transactions without needing traditional banks.
E-gold 由道格拉斯·傑克遜 (Douglas Jackson) 和巴里·唐尼 (Barry Downey) 於 1996 年推出,採取了不同的方法,用實體黃金支持其數位貨幣。它允許用戶以電子方式轉移黃金,該平台充當資產的託管人。 E-gold 的粉絲讚賞其無需傳統銀行即可促進國際交易的能力。
But like Ecash, E-gold’s centralized structure became its undoing. The platform allegedly became a haven for illegal activities, drawing the attention of U.S. regulators. In 2008, after its founders faced criminal charges for unlicensed money transfers, E-gold was forced to shut down.
但與 Ecash 一樣,E-gold 的中心化結構也導致了它的失敗。該平台據稱成為非法活動的避風港,引起了美國監管機構的關注。 2008 年,在其創始人因未經許可的轉帳而面臨刑事指控後,E-gold 被迫關閉。
Liberty Reserve (2006)
自由儲備 (2006)
Founded by Arthur Budovsky in 2006, Liberty Reserve aimed to make cross-border payments easy and anonymous. Users could send money using Liberty Reserve units, pegged to major currencies like the U.S. dollar. While it became popular, it also attracted the wrong kind of attention—like E-gold, it reportedly became a magnet for illicit transactions.
Liberty Reserve 由 Arthur Budovsky 於 2006 年創立,旨在讓跨境支付變得簡單且匿名。用戶可以使用與美元等主要貨幣掛鉤的自由儲備單位匯款。雖然它變得流行,但它也引起了錯誤的關注——就像電子黃金一樣,據報道它成為了非法交易的磁鐵。
By 2013, Liberty Reserve was at the center of a massive money laundering scandal launched by the U.S. government, of course, involving over $6 billion in illegal transactions. Budovsky was arrested, and the platform was seized by law enforcement, putting an end to its run.
到 2013 年,自由儲備銀行已成為美國政府發起的大規模洗錢醜聞的中心,當然,涉及超過 60 億美元的非法交易。布多夫斯基被捕,該平台被執法部門查封,結束了它的運作。
Q Coins (Early 2000s)
Q 幣(2000 年代初)
Introduced in the early 2000s by Chinese tech giant Tencent, Q coins were initially meant for in-app purchases on its QQ messaging platform. Users could buy Q coins with yuan to access virtual goods, and as their popularity soared, they started to be used outside the platform, fueling a mini-economy. Once again, a government also decided it had enough of the Q coin economy.
Q 幣由中國科技巨頭騰訊於 2000 年代初推出,最初用於其 QQ 訊息平台上的應用程式內購。用戶可以用人民幣購買Q幣來獲取虛擬商品,隨著Q幣人氣的飆升,Q幣開始在平台外使用,催生了迷你經濟。政府也再次決定對 Q 幣經濟感到厭倦。
Regulators in China weren’t thrilled about Q coins’ growing influence. Concerns over the currency’s lack of regulation (the usual government complaint) led to increased restrictions, which ultimately limited Q coins’ potential to become a broader form of digital currency.
中國監管機構對 Q 幣日益增長的影響力並不感到興奮。對貨幣缺乏監管的擔憂(通常是政府抱怨)導致限制增加,最終限制了 Q 幣成為更廣泛形式的數位貨幣的潛力。
Why Bitcoin Succeeded Where Others Failed
為什麼比特幣在其他人失敗的地方取得了成功
The fatal flaw shared by Ecash, E-gold, Liberty Reserve, and Q coins was centralization. Each relied on a single authority to operate, which made them easy targets for shutdowns and legal problems. Bitcoin, however, solved this issue by decentralizing control. Designed by the mysterious Satoshi Nakamoto, bitcoin runs on a peer-to-peer network, free from dependence on any single entity.
Ecash、E-gold、Liberty Reserve 和 Q 幣共有的致命缺陷是中心化。每個公司都依賴單一的權力機構來運營,這使得它們很容易成為關閉和法律問題的目標。然而,比特幣透過分散控制解決了這個問題。比特幣由神秘的中本聰設計,運行在點對點網路上,不依賴任何單一實體。
Bitcoin’s decentralization comes from its blockchain technology, where transactions are verified by a global network of public and private nodes and miners verifying transactions. This makes it much harder to censor, seize, or shut down compared to its predecessors. Plus, bitcoin’s supply is capped at 21 million coins, makes it more immune to inflationary pressures—a feature that fiat-based digital currencies like Q coins can’t offer.
比特幣的去中心化來自其區塊鏈技術,其中交易由公共和私人節點以及驗證交易的礦工組成的全球網路進行驗證。與先前的版本相比,這使得審查、扣押或關閉變得更加困難。此外,比特幣的供應量上限為 2,100 萬枚,這使其更能抵禦通膨壓力——這是 Q 幣等基於法定數位貨幣所無法提供的功能。
Unlike the earlier digital currencies, bitcoin uses a transparent, public ledger, so anyone can verify transactions without needing to trust a central authority. This blend of decentralization, transparency, and security has helped bitcoin cement its status as a strong and reliable digital currency. Moreover, as the network approaches its 16th year of life, bitcoin is now the
與早期的數位貨幣不同,比特幣使用透明的公共分類賬,因此任何人都可以驗證交易,而無需信任中央機構。這種去中心化、透明性和安全性的結合幫助比特幣鞏固了其作為強大而可靠的數位貨幣的地位。此外,隨著該網路的生命週期接近第 16 個年頭,比特幣現在已成為
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