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龙卷风现金案的法官今天做出了口头裁决,驳回了辩方强制证据开示的动议和驳回指控的动议。
A judge in the Tornado Cash case has denied both the Defense’s motion to compel discovery and their motion to dismiss the charges, dealing a blow to the Defense's strategy.
龙卷风现金案的一名法官驳回了辩方强制证据披露的动议和驳回指控的动议,这对辩方的策略造成了打击。
The Defense's motion to compel discovery sought to access a broad range of government communications, including exchanges with foreign authorities under the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) and with domestic agencies like the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) and the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN).
国防部提出的强制证据披露动议旨在获取广泛的政府通讯信息,包括根据司法互助条约 (MLAT) 与外国当局以及外国资产控制办公室 (OFAC) 和金融犯罪执法网络等国内机构进行交流(金融犯罪执法网络)。
The Defense argued that these materials were essential to understanding the government's case and could potentially include exculpatory evidence.
辩方辩称,这些材料对于理解政府的案件至关重要,并且可能包括无罪证据。
However, the judge ruled that the Defense failed to show that the requested information was material to their case, as required by Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 16.
然而,法官裁定,辩方未能按照《联邦刑事诉讼规则》第 16 条的要求证明所请求的信息对其案件至关重要。
The court dismissed the Defense’s arguments as speculative, noting that references to what the information "might" or "could" reveal do not meet the necessary standard for materiality.
法院驳回辩方的论点,称其为推测性的,并指出提及信息“可能”或“可能”揭示的内容不符合必要的实质性标准。
For example, the Defense argued that MLAT communications with the Dutch government might shed light on the evidence against Tornado Cash or reveal the government’s investigative theories.
例如,辩方辩称,司法互助法庭与荷兰政府的沟通可能会揭示针对 Tornado Cash 的证据或揭示政府的调查理论。
The judge found this reasoning unpersuasive, emphasizing that materiality cannot be established through conjecture or vague assertions.
法官认为这种推理缺乏说服力,并强调重要性不能通过推测或模糊的断言来确定。
The court similarly rejected the Defense's request for all communications between the government and OFAC and FinCEN.
法院同样拒绝了辩方要求政府与 OFAC 和 FinCEN 之间进行所有通信的请求。
Although the Defense claimed these documents were necessary to understand the government's theories and potential witnesses, the judge concluded that the Defense failed to demonstrate how these communications were directly relevant to the charges at hand.
尽管辩方声称这些文件对于理解政府的理论和潜在证人是必要的,但法官得出的结论是,辩方未能证明这些通信与当前指控有何直接关系。
The court reiterated that the burden is on the Defense to show a specific link between the requested documents and their defense strategy, a burden they did not meet.
法院重申,辩方有责任证明所要求的文件与其辩护策略之间的具体联系,但他们没有履行这一义务。
When the Defense suggested an in-camera review—a private examination by the judge of the requested documents—to determine their materiality, the court refused.
当辩方建议进行秘密审查(由法官对所要求的文件进行私下审查)以确定其重要性时,法院拒绝了。
The judge argued that granting such a request based on speculative assertions would set a dangerous precedent, effectively forcing in-camera reviews in all criminal cases when a defendant speculates about the relevance of certain documents.
法官认为,根据推测性断言批准此类请求将开创一个危险的先例,当被告推测某些文件的相关性时,实际上会迫使所有刑事案件进行秘密审查。
This, the judge stressed, would undermine the purpose of Rule 16 and transform the pretrial discovery process into an unrestrained search for potentially helpful evidence.
法官强调,这将破坏规则 16 的目的,并将审前证据开示过程转变为无限制地寻找可能有用的证据。
The Defense also raised concerns under Brady v. Maryland, arguing that the government might be withholding exculpatory or impeachable evidence.
辩方还在布雷迪诉马里兰州案中提出了担忧,认为政府可能会扣留无罪或可弹劾的证据。
While the court acknowledged the government's obligations under Brady, it found no indication that these duties had been neglected.
虽然法院承认布雷迪规定的政府义务,但没有发现任何迹象表明这些义务被忽视。
Without concrete evidence suggesting the government was withholding information, the court saw no reason to compel additional disclosures.
由于没有具体证据表明政府隐瞒信息,法院认为没有理由强制披露更多信息。
The judge cautioned that while the Defense’s arguments were theoretically possible, they lacked the factual support needed to warrant the court’s intervention.
法官告诫说,虽然辩方的论点在理论上是可能的,但缺乏法庭干预所需的事实支持。
She did say, however, that if she later finds that the government has “interpreted its obligations too narrowly” then there will be “unfortunate consequences for their case.”
不过,她确实表示,如果她后来发现政府“对其义务的解释过于狭隘”,那么“他们的案件将会产生不幸的后果”。
The motion to dismiss presented a much more significant set of issues.
驳回动议提出了一系列更重要的问题。
Central to the Defense's argument was the definition of a "money transmitter" under the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA).
辩方论点的核心是《银行保密法》(BSA)下“货币传送机构”的定义。
The Defense contended that Tornado Cash did not qualify as a money transmitter because it did not exercise control over users’ funds; it merely facilitated the movement of cryptocurrencies.
辩方认为,Tornado Cash 不符合货币传输者的资格,因为它无法控制用户的资金;它只是促进了加密货币的流动。
However, the court rejected this narrow interpretation.
然而,法院驳回了这种狭隘的解释。
The judge clarified that the BSA's scope does not require the control of the funds; Tornado Cash’s role in facilitating, anonymizing, and transferring cryptocurrency was sufficient to bring it within the statute’s ambit.
法官澄清,BSA的范围并不要求控制资金; Tornado Cash 在促进、匿名化和转移加密货币方面的作用足以将其纳入该法规的范围内。
The judge likened Tornado Cash to custodial mixers, which have been deemed money transmitting businesses.
法官将龙卷风现金比作托管混合器,后者被视为资金转移业务。
Further complicating the Defense's argument was their reliance on the 2019 FinCEN guidance, which uses a four-factor test to determine whether a wallet provider is a money transmitter.
使辩方的论点进一步复杂化的是他们对 2019 年 FinCEN 指南的依赖,该指南使用四因素测试来确定钱包提供商是否是货币传输者。
The Defense claimed this guidance, which includes a “total independent control” standard, should apply to Tornado Cash.
辩方声称,该指南(其中包括“完全独立控制”标准)应适用于 Tornado Cash。
The court disagreed, stating that this standard is specific to wallet providers and does not extend to mixers like Tornado Cash.
法院不同意,称该标准特定于钱包提供商,不适用于 Tornado Cash 等混合器。
Consequently, Tornado Cash’s lack of “total independent control” over funds was irrelevant to its classification as a money transmitter.
因此,Tornado Cash 对资金缺乏“完全独立控制”与其作为货币转移者的分类无关。
Another key point in the court’s analysis was the distinction between expressive and functional code under the First Amendment.
法院分析的另一个关键点是第一修正案中表达性代码和功能性代码之间的区别。
The Defense argued that prosecuting Storm for his involvement with Tornado Cash was tantamount to punishing him for writing code, which they claimed was protected speech.
辩方辩称,起诉 Storm 参与 Tornado Cash 等同于惩罚他编写代码,他们声称这些代码是受保护的言论。
The judge acknowledged that while code can be considered expressive, the specific use of code to facilitate illegal activities—such as money laundering or sanctions evasion—falls outside the bounds of First Amendment protection.
法官承认,虽然代码可以被认为具有表达能力,但具体使用代码来促进非法活动(例如洗钱或逃避制裁)超出了第一修正案的保护范围。
The judge emphasized that the court must focus on the conduct enabled by the code, not merely the code itself.
法官强调,法院必须关注守则所促成的行为,而不仅仅是守则本身。
Even under intermediate scrutiny, which applies to content-neutral restrictions on speech, the judge found that the government’s interests in preventing money laundering and regulating unlicensed money transmission justified
即使在适用于内容中立的言论限制的中间审查下,法官也发现,政府在防止洗钱和监管未经许可的货币传输方面的利益是合理的
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