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股权证明(PoS)是一种共识机制,用于验证新交易并在区块链网络中提出新区块。
Proof of Stake (PoS) is a consensus mechanism used to validate new transactions and propose new blocks in blockchain networks. In PoS, validators are selected based on the amount of cryptocurrency they "stake" in the network, instead of relying on the computational power of miners — as seen in energy-intensive mechanisms like Proof of Work (PoW).
股权证明(PoS)是一种共识机制,用于验证新交易并在区块链网络中提出新区块。在 PoS 中,验证者是根据他们在网络中“抵押”的加密货币数量来选择的,而不是依赖矿工的计算能力——如工作量证明 (PoW) 等能源密集型机制中所见。
PoS validators are coin owners who offer their assets as collateral, in a process called crypto staking, to earn the right to verify new transactions and receive rewards. The committed stake can be considered as a validator’s “skin in the game”, as their stake can be slashed if they make mistakes in block verification, or have extended down-time. This consensus mechanism ensures security and integrity within the blockchain while facilitating faster and more efficient transactions. Several blockchains, including Ethereum, Solana, and Cardano, have adopted the Proof-of-Stake consensus mechanism.
PoS 验证者是代币所有者,他们在称为加密货币质押的过程中提供资产作为抵押品,以获得验证新交易并获得奖励的权利。承诺的股份可以被视为验证者的“游戏皮肤”,因为如果他们在区块验证中犯错或延长停机时间,他们的股份可能会被削减。这种共识机制确保了区块链内的安全性和完整性,同时促进更快、更高效的交易。包括以太坊、Solana 和 Cardano 在内的多个区块链都采用了权益证明共识机制。
What Is Staking?
什么是质押?
In the context of consensus mechanisms, crypto staking refers to the process of locking up cryptocurrency in a PoS network to participate as a validator. Staking enables validators to add new blocks to the blockchain and earn rewards (typically in the network’s cryptocurrency). The more a user stakes, the higher their chances of being selected as the next validator to propose and verify the next block of transactions.
在共识机制的背景下,加密货币质押是指在 PoS 网络中锁定加密货币以作为验证者参与的过程。质押使验证者能够向区块链添加新区块并获得奖励(通常以网络的加密货币形式)。用户赌注越多,被选为下一个验证者来提议和验证下一个交易块的机会就越大。
Staking can be highly rewarding, offering returns of up to 10% or more depending on the blockchain. However, staking requires a level of commitment, as the staked crypto is illiquid for a fixed period, during which it cannot be traded or withdrawn.
质押可以带来很高的回报,根据区块链的不同,回报率高达 10% 或更高。然而,质押需要一定程度的承诺,因为质押的加密货币在一段固定时间内缺乏流动性,在此期间无法交易或提取。
For users who don’t wish or lack the expertise to run their own validator node, you can still participate in staking through staking pools or delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) networks. In a staking pool, multiple users combine their crypto to increase their chances of earning rewards, which are then distributed proportionately among participants. In DPoS networks, users can ‘delegate’ their tokens to a preferred validator, allowing those validators to use the combined stakes to propose and validate new blocks. This allows small-scale token owners to participate in the staking process and earn passive income from their idle crypto assets.
对于不希望或缺乏运行自己的验证器节点的专业知识的用户,您仍然可以通过质押池或委托权益证明(DPoS)网络参与质押。在质押池中,多个用户结合他们的加密货币来增加获得奖励的机会,然后将奖励按比例分配给参与者。在 DPoS 网络中,用户可以将其代币“委托”给首选验证者,从而允许这些验证者使用组合权益来提议和验证新区块。这使得小规模代币所有者可以参与质押过程,并从闲置的加密资产中赚取被动收入。
Benefits of PoS
PoS 的好处
Proof of Stake was designed to address the drawbacks of the Proof-of-Work consensus mechanism. Below are some of the advantages of the PoS consensus mechanism.
权益证明旨在解决工作量证明共识机制的缺点。以下是PoS共识机制的一些优点。
Energy Efficiency
能源效率
One of the main benefits of PoS is its energy efficiency. PoW blockchain networks, like Bitcoin, require vast amounts of computational resources and energy. PoS blockchains, on the other hand, enable validators to operate with significantly lower energy consumption. This makes PoS an environmentally sustainable alternative, especially as the number of blockchain networks continues to grow.
PoS 的主要好处之一是它的能源效率。 PoW 区块链网络,如比特币,需要大量的计算资源和能源。另一方面,PoS 区块链使验证器能够以显着降低的能耗运行。这使得 PoS 成为一种环境可持续的替代方案,特别是随着区块链网络数量的不断增长。
Inclusivity
包容性
Another advantage Proof of Stake has over Proof of Work is inclusivity. In PoS networks, anyone with a certain amount of cryptocurrency can participate as a validator, reducing the need for expensive mining hardware as in PoW blockchains. DPoS mechanisms also allow small holders to delegate their tokens and still participate in protocol staking. This enables more users to contribute to network security and decentralization — all while earning a reward in return.
与工作量证明相比,权益证明的另一个优势是包容性。在 PoS 网络中,任何拥有一定数量加密货币的人都可以作为验证者参与,从而减少了对 PoW 区块链中昂贵的挖矿硬件的需求。 DPoS 机制还允许小持有者委托他们的代币并仍然参与协议质押。这使得更多用户能够为网络安全和去中心化做出贡献,同时获得回报。
Security
安全
Robust security is a highlight feature of most PoS blockchains. While the 51% attack is still possible with Proof-of-Stake networks, it would require owning more than half of the staked assets. Moreover, validators who act in bad faith or approve fraudulent transactions risk losing their staked assets, as honest validators could vote to burn the offenders’ assets. This financial risk discourages exploits and ensures that validators work in the network’s best interest.
强大的安全性是大多数 PoS 区块链的一大亮点。虽然 51% 攻击在权益证明网络中仍然可能发生,但这需要拥有一半以上的质押资产。此外,恶意行事或批准欺诈交易的验证者可能会失去其质押资产,因为诚实的验证者可以投票烧毁犯罪者的资产。这种财务风险可以阻止漏洞利用,并确保验证者以网络的最佳利益为出发点。
Scalability
可扩展性
PoS networks are more scalable than their PoW counterparts. By minimizing the computational demands, PoS facilitates faster and more efficient processing of transactions, which is crucial for blockchain projects, such as decentralized exchanges, decentralized applications (dApps), and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). As the user base on PoS blockchains expands, scaling solutions help them accommodate higher transaction volumes without slowing down.
PoS 网络比 PoW 网络更具可扩展性。通过最大限度地减少计算需求,PoS 有助于更快、更高效地处理交易,这对于去中心化交易所、去中心化应用程序 (dApp) 和不可替代代币 (NFT) 等区块链项目至关重要。随着 PoS 区块链用户群的扩大,扩展解决方案可帮助他们在不减慢速度的情况下适应更高的交易量。
Cons of PoS
PoS 的缺点
Centralization
集权
PoS can lead to centralization because those with more tokens are more likely to have greater influence over the network, through being selected more often as the next validator. Wealthy stakeholders may have disproportionate control, which can undermine the decentralized nature of the blockchain.
PoS 可以导致中心化,因为那些拥有更多代币的人更有可能通过更频繁地被选为下一个验证者而对网络产生更大的影响力。富有的利益相关者可能拥有不成比例的控制权,这可能会破坏区块链的去中心化性质。
Complexity and Technical Barriers
复杂性和技术障碍
Users may find the technical aspects of staking and running a validator node complex, which could discourage participation. This is particularly true in maintaining high uptimes, as there is a risk of being slashed if their nodes are not resilient. This barrier may limit the diversity of users involved in network governance.
用户可能会发现质押和运行验证器节点的技术问题很复杂,这可能会阻碍参与。在维持高正常运行时间方面尤其如此,因为如果节点不具有弹性,则存在被削减的风险。这一障碍可能会限制参与网络治理的用户的多样性。
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