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龍捲風現金案的法官今天做出了口頭裁決,駁回了辯方強制證據開示的動議和駁回指控的動議。
A judge in the Tornado Cash case has denied both the Defense’s motion to compel discovery and their motion to dismiss the charges, dealing a blow to the Defense's strategy.
龍捲風現金案的一名法官駁回了辯方強制證據披露的動議和駁回指控的動議,這對辯方的策略造成了打擊。
The Defense's motion to compel discovery sought to access a broad range of government communications, including exchanges with foreign authorities under the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) and with domestic agencies like the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) and the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN).
國防部提出的強制證據披露動議旨在獲取廣泛的政府通訊信息,包括根據司法互助條約 (MLAT) 與外國當局以及外國資產控制辦公室 (OFAC) 和金融犯罪執法網絡等國內機構進行交流(金融犯罪執法網路)。
The Defense argued that these materials were essential to understanding the government's case and could potentially include exculpatory evidence.
辯方辯稱,這些資料對於理解政府的案件至關重要,並可能包括無罪證據。
However, the judge ruled that the Defense failed to show that the requested information was material to their case, as required by Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 16.
然而,法官裁定,辯方未能按照《聯邦刑事訴訟規則》第 16 條的要求證明所請求的資訊對其案件至關重要。
The court dismissed the Defense’s arguments as speculative, noting that references to what the information "might" or "could" reveal do not meet the necessary standard for materiality.
法院駁回辯方的論點,稱其為推測性的,並指出提及資訊「可能」或「可能」揭示的內容不符合必要的實質標準。
For example, the Defense argued that MLAT communications with the Dutch government might shed light on the evidence against Tornado Cash or reveal the government’s investigative theories.
例如,辯方辯稱,司法互助法庭與荷蘭政府的溝通可能會揭示針對 Tornado Cash 的證據或揭示政府的調查理論。
The judge found this reasoning unpersuasive, emphasizing that materiality cannot be established through conjecture or vague assertions.
法官認為這種推理缺乏說服力,並強調重要性不能透過推測或模糊的斷言來確定。
The court similarly rejected the Defense's request for all communications between the government and OFAC and FinCEN.
法院同樣拒絕了辯方要求政府與 OFAC 和 FinCEN 之間進行所有通信的請求。
Although the Defense claimed these documents were necessary to understand the government's theories and potential witnesses, the judge concluded that the Defense failed to demonstrate how these communications were directly relevant to the charges at hand.
儘管辯方聲稱這些文件對於理解政府的理論和潛在證人是必要的,但法官得出的結論是,辯方未能證明這些通信與當前指控有何直接關係。
The court reiterated that the burden is on the Defense to show a specific link between the requested documents and their defense strategy, a burden they did not meet.
法院重申,辯方有責任證明所要求的文件與其辯護策略之間的具體聯繫,但他們沒有履行這項義務。
When the Defense suggested an in-camera review—a private examination by the judge of the requested documents—to determine their materiality, the court refused.
當辯方建議進行秘密審查(由法官對所要求的文件進行私下審查)以確定其重要性時,法院拒絕了。
The judge argued that granting such a request based on speculative assertions would set a dangerous precedent, effectively forcing in-camera reviews in all criminal cases when a defendant speculates about the relevance of certain documents.
法官認為,根據推測性斷言批准此類請求將開創一個危險的先例,當被告推測某些文件的相關性時,實際上會迫使所有刑事案件進行秘密審查。
This, the judge stressed, would undermine the purpose of Rule 16 and transform the pretrial discovery process into an unrestrained search for potentially helpful evidence.
法官強調,這將破壞規則 16 的目的,並將審前證據開示過程轉變為無限制地尋找可能有用的證據。
The Defense also raised concerns under Brady v. Maryland, arguing that the government might be withholding exculpatory or impeachable evidence.
辯方還在布雷迪訴馬裡蘭州一案中提出了擔憂,認為政府可能會扣留無罪或可彈劾的證據。
While the court acknowledged the government's obligations under Brady, it found no indication that these duties had been neglected.
雖然法院承認布雷迪規定的政府義務,但沒有發現任何跡象表明這些義務被忽視。
Without concrete evidence suggesting the government was withholding information, the court saw no reason to compel additional disclosures.
由於沒有具體證據表明政府隱瞞訊息,法院認為沒有理由強制披露更多資訊。
The judge cautioned that while the Defense’s arguments were theoretically possible, they lacked the factual support needed to warrant the court’s intervention.
法官告誡說,雖然辯方的論點在理論上是可能的,但缺乏法庭幹預所需的事實支持。
She did say, however, that if she later finds that the government has “interpreted its obligations too narrowly” then there will be “unfortunate consequences for their case.”
不過,她確實表示,如果她後來發現政府“對其義務的解釋過於狹隘”,那麼“他們的案件將會產生不幸的後果”。
The motion to dismiss presented a much more significant set of issues.
駁回動議提出了一系列更重要的問題。
Central to the Defense's argument was the definition of a "money transmitter" under the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA).
辯方論點的核心是《銀行保密法》(BSA)下「貨幣傳送機構」的定義。
The Defense contended that Tornado Cash did not qualify as a money transmitter because it did not exercise control over users’ funds; it merely facilitated the movement of cryptocurrencies.
辯方辯稱,Tornado Cash 不符合貨幣傳輸者的資格,因為它無法控制用戶的資金;它只是促進了加密貨幣的流動。
However, the court rejected this narrow interpretation.
然而,法院駁回了這種狹隘的解釋。
The judge clarified that the BSA's scope does not require the control of the funds; Tornado Cash’s role in facilitating, anonymizing, and transferring cryptocurrency was sufficient to bring it within the statute’s ambit.
法官澄清,BSA的範圍並不要求控制資金; Tornado Cash 在促進、匿名化和轉移加密貨幣方面的作用足以將其納入該法規的範圍內。
The judge likened Tornado Cash to custodial mixers, which have been deemed money transmitting businesses.
法官將龍捲風現金比喻為託管混合器,後者被視為資金轉移業務。
Further complicating the Defense's argument was their reliance on the 2019 FinCEN guidance, which uses a four-factor test to determine whether a wallet provider is a money transmitter.
使辯方的論點更加複雜的是他們對 2019 年 FinCEN 指南的依賴,該指南使用四因素測試來確定錢包提供者是否是貨幣傳輸者。
The Defense claimed this guidance, which includes a “total independent control” standard, should apply to Tornado Cash.
辯方聲稱,該指南(其中包括「完全獨立控制」標準)應適用於 Tornado Cash。
The court disagreed, stating that this standard is specific to wallet providers and does not extend to mixers like Tornado Cash.
法院不同意,稱該標準特定於錢包提供商,不適用於 Tornado Cash 等混合器。
Consequently, Tornado Cash’s lack of “total independent control” over funds was irrelevant to its classification as a money transmitter.
因此,Tornado Cash 對資金缺乏「完全獨立控制」與其作為貨幣轉移者的分類無關。
Another key point in the court’s analysis was the distinction between expressive and functional code under the First Amendment.
法院分析的另一個關鍵點是第一修正案中表達性代碼和功能性代碼之間的區別。
The Defense argued that prosecuting Storm for his involvement with Tornado Cash was tantamount to punishing him for writing code, which they claimed was protected speech.
辯方辯稱,起訴 Storm 參與 Tornado Cash 等同於懲罰他編寫程式碼,他們聲稱這些程式碼是受保護的言論。
The judge acknowledged that while code can be considered expressive, the specific use of code to facilitate illegal activities—such as money laundering or sanctions evasion—falls outside the bounds of First Amendment protection.
法官承認,雖然代碼可以被認為具有表達能力,但具體使用代碼來促進非法活動(例如洗錢或逃避制裁)超出了第一修正案的保護範圍。
The judge emphasized that the court must focus on the conduct enabled by the code, not merely the code itself.
法官強調,法院必須關注守則所促成的行為,而不僅僅是守則本身。
Even under intermediate scrutiny, which applies to content-neutral restrictions on speech, the judge found that the government’s interests in preventing money laundering and regulating unlicensed money transmission justified
即使在適用於內容中立的言論限制的中間審查下,法官也發現,政府在防止洗錢和監管未經許可的貨幣傳輸方面的利益是合理的
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