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股權證明(PoS)是一種共識機制,用於驗證新交易並在區塊鏈網路中提出新區塊。
Proof of Stake (PoS) is a consensus mechanism used to validate new transactions and propose new blocks in blockchain networks. In PoS, validators are selected based on the amount of cryptocurrency they "stake" in the network, instead of relying on the computational power of miners — as seen in energy-intensive mechanisms like Proof of Work (PoW).
股權證明(PoS)是一種共識機制,用於驗證新交易並在區塊鏈網路中提出新區塊。在 PoS 中,驗證者是根據他們在網路中「抵押」的加密貨幣數量來選擇的,而不是依賴礦工的運算能力——如工作量證明 (PoW) 等能源密集型機制中所見。
PoS validators are coin owners who offer their assets as collateral, in a process called crypto staking, to earn the right to verify new transactions and receive rewards. The committed stake can be considered as a validator’s “skin in the game”, as their stake can be slashed if they make mistakes in block verification, or have extended down-time. This consensus mechanism ensures security and integrity within the blockchain while facilitating faster and more efficient transactions. Several blockchains, including Ethereum, Solana, and Cardano, have adopted the Proof-of-Stake consensus mechanism.
PoS 驗證者是代幣所有者,他們在稱為加密貨幣質押的過程中提供資產作為抵押品,以獲得驗證新交易並獲得獎勵的權利。承諾的股份可以被視為驗證者的“遊戲皮膚”,因為如果他們在區塊驗證中犯錯或延長停機時間,他們的股票可能會被削減。這種共識機制確保了區塊鏈內的安全性和完整性,同時促進更快、更有效率的交易。包括以太坊、Solana 和 Cardano 在內的多個區塊鏈都採用了權益證明共識機制。
What Is Staking?
什麼是質押?
In the context of consensus mechanisms, crypto staking refers to the process of locking up cryptocurrency in a PoS network to participate as a validator. Staking enables validators to add new blocks to the blockchain and earn rewards (typically in the network’s cryptocurrency). The more a user stakes, the higher their chances of being selected as the next validator to propose and verify the next block of transactions.
在共識機制的背景下,加密貨幣質押是指在 PoS 網路中鎖定加密貨幣以作為驗證者參與的過程。質押使驗證者能夠向區塊鏈添加新區塊並獲得獎勵(通常以網路的加密貨幣形式)。用戶賭注越多,被選為下一個驗證者來提議和驗證下一個交易區塊的機會就越大。
Staking can be highly rewarding, offering returns of up to 10% or more depending on the blockchain. However, staking requires a level of commitment, as the staked crypto is illiquid for a fixed period, during which it cannot be traded or withdrawn.
質押可以帶來很高的回報,根據區塊鏈的不同,回報率高達 10% 或更高。然而,質押需要一定程度的承諾,因為質押的加密貨幣在一段固定時間內缺乏流動性,在此期間無法交易或提取。
For users who don’t wish or lack the expertise to run their own validator node, you can still participate in staking through staking pools or delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) networks. In a staking pool, multiple users combine their crypto to increase their chances of earning rewards, which are then distributed proportionately among participants. In DPoS networks, users can ‘delegate’ their tokens to a preferred validator, allowing those validators to use the combined stakes to propose and validate new blocks. This allows small-scale token owners to participate in the staking process and earn passive income from their idle crypto assets.
對於不希望或缺乏運行自己的驗證器節點的專業知識的用戶,您仍然可以透過質押池或委託權益證明(DPoS)網路參與質押。在質押池中,多個用戶結合他們的加密貨幣來增加獲得獎勵的機會,然後將獎勵按比例分配給參與者。在 DPoS 網路中,用戶可以將其代幣「委託」給首選驗證者,從而允許這些驗證者使用組合權益來提議和驗證新區塊。這使得小規模代幣所有者可以參與質押過程,並從閒置的加密資產中賺取被動收入。
Benefits of PoS
PoS 的好處
Proof of Stake was designed to address the drawbacks of the Proof-of-Work consensus mechanism. Below are some of the advantages of the PoS consensus mechanism.
權益證明旨在解決工作量證明共識機制的缺點。以下是PoS共識機制的一些優點。
Energy Efficiency
能源效率
One of the main benefits of PoS is its energy efficiency. PoW blockchain networks, like Bitcoin, require vast amounts of computational resources and energy. PoS blockchains, on the other hand, enable validators to operate with significantly lower energy consumption. This makes PoS an environmentally sustainable alternative, especially as the number of blockchain networks continues to grow.
PoS 的主要好處之一是它的能源效率。 PoW 區塊鏈網絡,如比特幣,需要大量的運算資源和能源。另一方面,PoS 區塊鏈使驗證器能夠以顯著降低的能耗運作。這使得 PoS 成為一種環境可持續的替代方案,特別是隨著區塊鏈網路數量的不斷增長。
Inclusivity
包容性
Another advantage Proof of Stake has over Proof of Work is inclusivity. In PoS networks, anyone with a certain amount of cryptocurrency can participate as a validator, reducing the need for expensive mining hardware as in PoW blockchains. DPoS mechanisms also allow small holders to delegate their tokens and still participate in protocol staking. This enables more users to contribute to network security and decentralization — all while earning a reward in return.
與工作量證明相比,權益證明的另一個優點是包容性。在 PoS 網路中,任何擁有一定數量加密貨幣的人都可以作為驗證者參與,從而減少了對 PoW 區塊鏈中昂貴的挖礦硬體的需求。 DPoS 機制還允許小持有者委託他們的代幣並且仍然參與協議質押。這使得更多用戶能夠為網路安全和去中心化做出貢獻,同時獲得回報。
Security
安全
Robust security is a highlight feature of most PoS blockchains. While the 51% attack is still possible with Proof-of-Stake networks, it would require owning more than half of the staked assets. Moreover, validators who act in bad faith or approve fraudulent transactions risk losing their staked assets, as honest validators could vote to burn the offenders’ assets. This financial risk discourages exploits and ensures that validators work in the network’s best interest.
強大的安全性是大多數 PoS 區塊鏈的一大亮點。雖然 51% 攻擊在權益證明網路中仍然可能發生,但這需要擁有一半以上的質押資產。此外,惡意行事或批准詐欺交易的驗證者可能會失去其質押資產,因為誠實的驗證者可以投票燒毀犯罪者的資產。這種財務風險可以阻止漏洞利用,並確保驗證者以網路的最佳利益為出發點。
Scalability
可擴展性
PoS networks are more scalable than their PoW counterparts. By minimizing the computational demands, PoS facilitates faster and more efficient processing of transactions, which is crucial for blockchain projects, such as decentralized exchanges, decentralized applications (dApps), and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). As the user base on PoS blockchains expands, scaling solutions help them accommodate higher transaction volumes without slowing down.
PoS 網路比 PoW 網路更具可擴展性。透過最大限度地減少運算需求,PoS 有助於更快、更有效率地處理交易,這對於去中心化交易所、去中心化應用程式(dApp) 和不可取代代幣(NFT) 等區塊鏈項目至關重要。隨著 PoS 區塊鏈用戶群的擴大,擴展解決方案可協助他們在不減慢速度的情況下適應更高的交易量。
Cons of PoS
PoS 的缺點
Centralization
集權
PoS can lead to centralization because those with more tokens are more likely to have greater influence over the network, through being selected more often as the next validator. Wealthy stakeholders may have disproportionate control, which can undermine the decentralized nature of the blockchain.
PoS 可以導致中心化,因為那些擁有更多代幣的人更有可能透過更頻繁地被選為下一個驗證者而對網路產生更大的影響力。富有的利害關係人可能擁有不成比例的控制權,這可能會破壞區塊鏈的去中心化性質。
Complexity and Technical Barriers
複雜性和技術障礙
Users may find the technical aspects of staking and running a validator node complex, which could discourage participation. This is particularly true in maintaining high uptimes, as there is a risk of being slashed if their nodes are not resilient. This barrier may limit the diversity of users involved in network governance.
使用者可能會發現質押和運行驗證器節點的技術問題很複雜,這可能會阻礙參與。在維持高正常運作時間方面尤其如此,因為如果節點不具有彈性,則存在被削減的風險。這項障礙可能會限制參與網路治理的使用者的多樣性。
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